1. Boolean Algebra
Laws: Identity, Null, Idempotent, Complement, Commutative, Associative, Distributive, De Morgan
De Morgan
- (A·B)' = A' + B'
- (A+B)' = A' · B'
K-Map: group 1s in powers of 2 for SOP minimization
2. Combinational Circuits
Output depends only on current inputs.
- Half/Full Adder, Subtractor
- Multiplexer / Demultiplexer
- Encoder / Decoder
- Comparator
No memory elements.
3. Sequential Circuits
Output depends on inputs + past state (memory).
Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T
Registers: store multi-bit data
Counters: async (ripple), sync; up/down/mod-n
FSM
- Moore — output depends on state only
- Mealy — output depends on state + input